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{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft9356\shptop2013\shpright9356\shpbottom3165\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz1\shplid2067{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypage\dodhgt8193\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty1152\dpx9356\dpy2013\dpxsize0\dpysize1152
\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft2552\shptop-1780\shpright2552\shpbottom-628\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz0\shplid2068
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypara\dodhgt8192
\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty1152\dpx2552\dpy-1780\dpxsize0\dpysize1152\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\fs16 J. King Saud Univ}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 ., Vol. 15, }{\rtlch \ai\af0 \ltrch \i\fs16 Science}{
\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16  (1), pp. 1-10, Riyadh (1423/2002)}{\ltrch \afs16 \rtlch \f145 
\par }}{\footerf \rtlpar \qr\pard\plain \rtlpar\qr\s18\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch \cs19\af15 \ltrch \cs19 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch \cs19\af15 \ltrch 
\cs19 1}}}{\ltrch \cs19 \rtlch \cs19\f15 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc\s18\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\adjustright {\ltrch \cgrid0 \rtlch \f145\cgrid0 
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft10080\shptop14572\shpright11232\shpbottom14572\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz7\shplid2069{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypage\dodhgt8199\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx1152\dppty0\dpx10080\dpy14572\dpxsize1152\dpysize0
\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\rtlch \af0\cgrid0 \ltrch \cgrid0 {\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft9356\shptop682\shpright9356\shpbottom1834\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz6\shplid2070
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypara\dodhgt8198
\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty1152\dpx9356\dpy682\dpxsize0\dpysize1152\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft2552\shptop682\shpright2552\shpbottom1833\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbypara\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz5\shplid2071{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypara\dodhgt8197\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx0\dppty1151\dpx2552\dpy682\dpxsize0\dpysize1151
\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft720\shptop14572\shpright1871\shpbottom14572\shpfhdr1\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt0\shpz4\shplid2072
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypage\dodhgt8196
\dpline\dpptx0\dppty0\dpptx1151\dppty0\dpx720\dpy14572\dpxsize1151\dpysize0\dplinew15\dplinecor0\dplinecog0\dplinecob0}}}}{\ltrch \rtlch \f145 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang
{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnqc\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch 
\b\fs24 Effect of Areca Nut Extracts on Some Organ
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs24 Markers from Rat Serum }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af15 \ltrch \b\i\fs24 in vivo}{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs24 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs28 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\s7\qc\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel6\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af15\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch T. A. Kumosani
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\s8\qc\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel7\adjustright \rtlch\ai\af15\afs24 \ltrch\i\fs16 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, P. O. Box 800
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sb120\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (Received 00/00/0000; accepted for publication 00/00/}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0000)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs28 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Abstract:}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  Areca nut (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Areca catechu}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
) is one of the plant species that possess beneficial pharmacological properties. It had an important place as a pharmaceutical in Ayurveda (the ancient Indian system for medicine) as well as in the Chinese medical }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
practices.  The pharmaceutical importance of areca nut is due to the presence of an alkaloid.  This study was performed to provide some scientific grounds to understand some of the biochemical and pharmacological properties of areca nut.  Extraction of th
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 e}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  active ingredients of areca nut was performed by using two solvents of different polarities (n- hexane and methanol).  The extracts were tested on some organ markers from rat serum }{\rtlch 
\ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 in vivo}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , including some key enzymes such as Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), La}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
ctate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT), Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT), Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK); and other parameters which include glucose, cholesterol, total protein and urea. T
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 h}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ose biochemical parameters were measured for both control and treated rats. The results showed significant changes in their activities compared to the control.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af15 \ltrch \b\i\fs16 Keywords:}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  Areca nut, hexane, methanol, Wister white rat, ALP, LDH, GPT, GOT, GGT, CPK, glucose,}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  cholesterol, total protein and urea.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\s9\qc\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel8\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af15\afs28 \ltrch\b\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Introduction
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s21\qj\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af15\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
Research interests have focused on various plant species that possess beneficial gastrointestinal properties, hypolipidemic, antiplatelet, antitumor, or immune-stimulating properties that may be useful a}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
djuncts in helping to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer [1].
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi425\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s20\qj\fi425\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af15\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
This study was then carried out to provide information for understanding the biochemical and pharmacological properties of areca nut.}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi425\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs28 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Areca nut was known in China under the }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch name Pinlang, from at least l00 BC. Immense quantities have been consumed in the east from very early times in the form of \sect }\sectd \ltrsect
\margtsxn4253\margbsxn2268\psz9\linex0\headery3799\footery0\colsx709\endnhere\sectdefaultcl \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
a masticator known as betel which consists of a mixture of areca nuts, the leaves of}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i   Piper betel}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch , and lime [2].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s15\qj\fi426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 The pharmaceutical}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
 importance of areca nut is due to the presence of an alkaloid.  Synthetic arecoline hydrobromide is also shown to possess numerous pharmacological properties [3].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Because the high incidence of oral cancers in South-East Asia is causally linked to the com}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
mon habit of betel quid chewing [4, 5], the effect of an aqueous extract of areca nut on growth, differentiation, morphology and DNA damage were studied in cultured human buccal epithelial cells. The researchers concludes that betel quid carcinogenesis in
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20  }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
the human oral cavity may involve cytopathic alterations of normal cells morphology, growth and differentiation, as well as DNA damage by areca nut-related agents extracted that are formed in saliva [4].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The modulator influence of areca nut, a masticator }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
in several human populations, on the levels of biotransformation system enzymes in mouse liver has been studied. Areca nut-modulated profiles biotransformation enzymes and antioxidant levels are suggestive of its influence in the process of carcinogenesis
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch  }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch induced by bioactivated electrophilic species of potential carcinogens among habitual areca nut chewers [6].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Recent works showed oxidative damage to DNA induced by areca nut extract [7]. Cytotoxic and DNA damaging effects in oral mucosal fibroblasts by ar}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
eca nut extract was seen [8]. Areca nut extract alters the barrier properties of the epithelium, a factor which may play a role in the deleterious effects on oral mucosa [9], cardiac toxicities [10] and also affects the total and unscheduled DNA synthesis
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch  }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch in cultured gingival keratinocytes [10].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Most of the work on areca nuts has been focused on its effect on the buccal cavity when used as a masticator, but few were consider its effect on the biochemical parameters in the serum. Recent paper describes its }{\rtlch \af15 
\ltrch antidepressant property via monoamine oxidase type A [12].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch  
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The present  paper discusses the effect of areca nuts extracts on some enzymes and biochemical parameters as organ markers from rat serum.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\s1\qc\sl-240\slmult0\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Materials and Methods
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b Materials:
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b Spice}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Samples of areca}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch  nut (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i Areca catechu}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
) were obtained from a local market and used in this study.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s2\qj\sl-240\slmult0\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Extraction of samples
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
Different dried weights of 43 and 50 gm areca nut (whole) was used for extraction. The samples were soaked for 20 days in dark bottle containing either 0.}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
5 liter of n-hexane or 0.3 liter of methanol. By filtering through a filter paper, the residues were discarded and the crude n-hexane or methanol extracts were refiltered with Whatman filter paper (42 ashless, Whatman Ltd., UK). The solvents were removed 
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch b}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch y evaporation, at 80\'b0C for n-hexane extract, and 90\'b0
C for methanol extract, using model R110 Buchi Rotary Evaporator [13]. The weights of the n-hexane extract and methanol extract were recorded and each sample was dissolved in 10 ml acetone each.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b Methods:}{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s2\qj\sl-240\slmult0\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Animals
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
Adult male Wister white rats aged 3-4 weeks and weighing 250-350 gm were obtained from the Animal House of King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The rat diet consisted of water and chow. The (chow) contains crude protein (20 %),}{
\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
 fat (3 %), fiber (5.5 %), ash (6.5 %), calcium (0.8 %), salt (0.5 %), phosphorus (0.6 %), vitamin A (20 lU/g), vitamin D (2.2 IU/g), vitamin E (70 IU/kg), energy (2,850 kcal/kg) and the trace elements: cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese and zinc. The init
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch i}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch al and final body weights were recorded for each experimental animal, and the animals were divided into three main groups as follows:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s3\qj\li426\sl-240\slmult0\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Group one: Control rats
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s16\qj\li426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 a) A total of 5 normal rats were housed for 20 days and were used as control group (untreated) an}{\rtlch \af15 
\ltrch \fs20 d was put under the same physiological conditions of test animals.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 b) A total of another 5 normal rats were housed for 20 days in a separate animal cage, and were treated with corn oil only. The treatment involved a forced feeding technique of a 1.0 ml co}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
rn oil while under anesthesia by the use of a special feeding syringe (size 18 gauge) [13]. This treatment was conducted for 20 days (every other day).
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\li426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s3\qj\li426\sl-240\slmult0\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Group two: Rats treated with n-hexane extract
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\li426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch A total of 5 normal rats were housed for 20 days in a sep}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
arate animal cage, and were fed areca nut extract (}{\rtlch \af15\afs28 \ltrch forced feeding)}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
 at 586 mg/kg per day (the concentration that has noticeable effect) for a period of 20 consecutive days.  The concentration used here is for the one seen to induce effect on markers under s}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch tudy.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s3\qj\li426\sl-240\slmult0\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel2\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Group three: Rats treated with methanol extract
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\li426\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch A total of 5 normal rats were housed for 20 days in a separate animal cage, and were fed areca nut extract (}{\rtlch 
\af15\afs28 \ltrch forced feeding)}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch  at 775 mg/kg per day (the concentration that has noticeable effect) for a per}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
iod of 20 consecutive days.  The concentration used here is for the one seen to induce effect on markers under study.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s2\qj\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Collection of blood samples and separation of serum
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch At the end of each experiment (3 trials), blood samples were collected from rats by c}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
ardiac punctures under mild ether anesthesia, into plain tubes. The serum was then separated by centrifugation at 3000 xg for 20 min and used for the determination of serum enzymes and other biochemical parameters.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s2\qj\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Determination of serum enzymes and other}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20  biochemical
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-2 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-2 Six key enzymes were analyzed to determine the effect of the areca nut extract }{\rtlch 
\ai\af15\expnd0\expndtw-2 \ltrch \i\expnd0\expndtw-2 in vivo}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-2 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-2 
. These enzymes are: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, EC 3.1.3.1), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27), Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT, EC 2.6.1.2), Glu}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-2 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-2 
tamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT, EC 2.6.1.1), }{\rtlch \af0\expnd0\expndtw-2 \ltrch \f142\expnd0\expndtw-2\lang1032 \'e3}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-2 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-2 
- Glutamyltransferase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) and Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK, EC 2.7.3.2), and other biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, total protein and urea) were measured for control and treat}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-2 \ltrch 
\expnd0\expndtw-2 ed rats, by the use of an automated system (Boehringer Mannheim Hitachi Spectrophotometer, model 4020) at King Khalid Hospital, Jeddah-Saudi Arabia.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s2\qj\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel1\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Statistical analysis
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The data collected entered into a computer, and analysis of data was performed using }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
SPSS statistical package. T-test was used for comparing means [14] and X2-test (chi s-test) was used for comparing the frequency of occurrence of variable in two or more occasions. P-value was considered to be statistically significant if <0.05.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\s1\qc\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 Results
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
Table 1 shows the dry weight of areca nut used in this study and its n-hexane and methanol extracts. Extraction of the active ingredients of areca nut was performed by using two solvents of different polarities (n- hexane and methanol).  The yield of n-he
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch x}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
ane extract was 7.20% whereas the yield of methanol extract was 7.28%.  The experimental dosage used here (586 and 775 mg/kg per day, respectively) were chosen because of their noticeable effect on biochemical parameters under study.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Table 1.  The weight }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 of various areca nut extracts used in the }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af15 \ltrch \b\i\fs16 in vitro}{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch 
\b\fs16  enzymatic studies
\par }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2552\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4083\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb 
\cellx5614\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7145\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\fi-108\sl-200\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Samples\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-200\slmult0
\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Dry weight of
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 sample (gm)*\cell }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Dry weight of 
\par }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 extract (gm)**\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\ri56\sl-200\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 %\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 
\ltrch \b\fs16 \row }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108 \clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx2552\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx4083\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx5614\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx7145\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\fi-108\sl-360\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {
\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Areca (whole) extract in n-hexane\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-360\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 43.30\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 3.12\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc
\qc\ri56\sl-360\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 7.20\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 \row }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108 \clvertalt\clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2552\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4083\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5614\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7145\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\fi-108\sl-360\slmult0
\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Areca (whole) extract in methanol\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-360\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 49.30\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 3.59
\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\ri56\sl-360\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 7.28\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\fs16 \row }\pard \ltrpar\qj
\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Table 2 shows t}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
he effect of n-hexane and methanol extracts of areca nut on six serum enzymes namely; ALP (Alkaline phosphatase), LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase), GPT (Glutamate pyruvate transaminase), GOT (Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase), GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferas
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch e}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch ) and CPK (Creatine phosphokinase).
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s5\qj\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel4\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\fs16 Table 2. Effect of Areca Nut Extracts (in corn oil) on Some Rat Serum Enzymes }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch 
\b\i\fs16 in vivo}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\fs16 
\par }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108\trleft-104\trkeep \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1881\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2731\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3582\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4432\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5283\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb 
\cellx6133\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7148\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Sample}{\rtlch \ab\af15\super \ltrch 
\b\fs16\super b}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b \cell }{\rtlch \ab\af15\super \ltrch \b\fs16\super a}{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16  ALP (U/ml)\cell }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 LDH (U/ml)\cell }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 GPT (U/ml)\cell }{\rtlch 
\ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 GOT (U/ml)\cell }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 GGT (U/ml)\cell }\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 CPK (U/ml)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql
\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108\trleft-104 \clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx889\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx1881\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx2731\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx3582\clvertalt\cltxlrtb 
\cellx4432\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx5283\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx6133\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx7148\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 Control\cell }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 (mean)\cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 138.3\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 1173.3\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 62.0\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 195.3\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\fs16 10.67\cell }\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 1049.3\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-220\slmult0
\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 (S}{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 D)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.2\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 4.4\cell }{\rtlch 
\af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.8\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\fs16 3.3\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.70\cell }\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15\afs16 
\ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 3.3\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-240\slmult0
\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 %\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100
\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell }\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql
\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 n-hexane extract\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright 
{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (mean)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 107.0*\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 521.3**\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 48.0*\cell }{\rtlch \af15 
\ltrch \fs16 117.0**\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 7.0* \cell }\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 505.0**\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 
\ltrch \row }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (SD)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc
\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 1.7\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 7.2\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 3.6\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch 
\fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.8\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.2\cell 
}\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.9\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql
\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {
\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 %\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 77.36\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 44.43\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 77.42\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
59.9\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 65.6\cell }\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 48.12\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row 
}\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Methanol extract\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (mean)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc
\qc\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 118.0*\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 270.33**\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 37.0**\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 111}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 .0**\cell }{
\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 1.33**\cell }\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-240\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 382.0**\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row 
}\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (SD)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qc
\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.66\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst 
SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.65\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 1.00\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch 
\fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.21\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.31\cell 
}\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.51\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql
\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108\trleft-104 \clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx889\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1881\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb \cellx2731\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3582\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4432\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5283\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6133\clvertalt\clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7148\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 %\cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 85.3\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 23.04\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 59.67\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 23.22\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\fs16 12.46\cell }\pard \rtlpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 36.40\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \row }\pard \ltrpar\qj
\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15\super \ltrch \fs16\super a}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase; GPT: Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase; GOT: Glutamate Oxaloacetic Trans-aminase; GGT: Gamma-Glutam}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 yl Transferase; CPK: Creatine Phos-phokinase.
\par }{\rtlch \af15\super \ltrch \fs16\super b}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Areca extract in n-hexane (586 mg/kg). 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  Areca extract in methanol (775 mg/kg).  
\par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 (n.s) = Non-significant;  P>0.05;   * = Significant;  P<0.05; }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  ** = Highly significant; P<0.01.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-4 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-4 Variations were observed in th}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-4 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-4 
e enzyme activities of animals treated with hexane extract. A decrease in ALP activity (23 %; P<0.05), LDH (56 %; P<0.01), GPT (23 %; P<0.05), GOT (40 %, P<0.01), GGT (34 %; P>0.05) and CPK (52%, P<0.01) when compared to control animals was obtained. Wher
}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-4 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-4 e}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-4 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-4 
as, animals treated with areca nut extract (methanol) dissolved in corn oil produced different results. A decrease in ALP activity (15  %; P>0.05), LDH (77 %; P<0.01), GPT (40 %; P<0.01), GOT (77 %; P<0.01), GGT (87 %; P<0.05) and CPK (64 %; P<0.01) when 
}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-4 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-4 c}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-4 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-4 ompared to control animals was obtained.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw-2 \ltrch \expnd0\expndtw-2 Table 3 shows the effect of n-hexane and methanol crude extract of areca nut on some biochemical parameters of rat serum (glucose, cholesterol, total protein and urea).
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s5\qj\sl-200\slmult0\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel4\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\fs16 Table 3. Effect of areca nut xxtracts (in co}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\fs16 
rn oil) on some   biochemical components of rat serum }{\rtlch \ab\ai\af0 \ltrch \b\i\fs16 in vivo}{\rtlch \ab\af0 \ltrch \b\fs16 .
\par }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108\trleft-108\trkeep \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2381\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3628\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4819\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx6010\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7144\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc
\s6\qc\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\outlinelevel5\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Sample\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \ab\af15 
\ltrch \b\fs16 Glucose mmol/l\cell }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Cholesterol mmol/l \cell }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Total Protein (g/l)\cell }{\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 Urea mmol/l\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql
\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \ab\af15 \ltrch \b\fs16 \row }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108\trleft-108 \clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx1304\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx2381\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx3628\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx4819
\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx5953\clvertalt\cltxlrtb \cellx7144\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Control\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (mean)\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 7.70\cell }{
\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 1.54\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 53.67\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 5.5\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0
\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (SD)\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 1.39\cell }{
\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.06\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 
\ltrch \fs16 0.06\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.1\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row 
}\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 %\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell 
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 100\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 n-hexane extract\cell }{\rtlch \af15 
\ltrch \fs16 (mean)\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 14.83*\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 2}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 .60*\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 63.67*\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 7.1
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (n.s)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }{\rtlch 
\af15 \ltrch \fs16 (SD)\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.72\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol"
 \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.05\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.51\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.04\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0
\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 %\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 192.59\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 168.83\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 118.63\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\fs16 129.1\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Methanol extract\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (mean)
\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 8.93
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (n.s)\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 1.26*\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 61.00*\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 6.9
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 (n.s)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row }\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }{\rtlch 
\af15 \ltrch \fs16 (SD)\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.85\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol"
 \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 .25\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.58\cell }{\rtlch \af15\afs16 \ltrch \fs16 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 177 \\f "Symbol" \\s 8}{\fldrslt\f3\fs16}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 0.3\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row }\trowd \ltrrow\trqr\trgaph108\trleft-108 \clvertalt
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx1304\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx2381\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx3628\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx4819\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx5953
\clvertalt\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb \cellx7144\pard \ltrpar\qc\qc\sl-220\slmult0\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 %\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 108.96\cell }{\rtlch \af15 
\ltrch \fs16 81.81\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 113.65\cell }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 125.45\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql\ql\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\intbl\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \row }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\sl-200\slmult0
\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Areca extract in n-hexane (586 mg/kg). 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Areca extrac}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 t in methanol (775 mg/kg).  
\par }{\rtlch \af0 \ltrch \fs16 (n.s) = Non-significant; P>0.05;  * = Significant;  P<0.05;  }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ** = Highly significant; P<0.01
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Animals treated with areca nut extract (n-hexane) dissolved in corn oil produced different results. An increase in the glucose concen}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
tration (93 %; P<0.05), cholesterol (69 %; P<0.05), total protein (19 %; P<0.05) and urea (29%; P>0.05) was observed compared to control animals. Whereas, animals treated with areca nut extract (methanol) dissolved in corn oil produced different results. 
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch A}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
n increase in the glucose concentration (9 %; P>0.05), total protein (14 %; P<0.05) and urea (25 %; P<0.05) was observed.  Whereas,  reduction in cholesterol level by (18 %; P>0.05) was observed in comparison to control animals.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\s9\qc\sb60\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel8\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af15\afs28 \ltrch\b\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Discussion
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\qc\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch \b 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch To understand s}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
ome of the biochemical and pharmacological properties of areca nut, this study was conducted by extraction of the active ingredients using two solvents of different polarities and testing the effect of the extracts on some biochemical markers and paramete
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch r}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch s from rat serum }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i in vivo}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch .
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s4\qj\fi426\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel3\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
The extraction of the areca nut by n-hexane solvent yielded (7% based on dry weight) which contains variable amounts of lipid soluble fraction. Areca nut is rich in fats [15]. In general, the lipid fraction of areca contains a ma}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\fs20 jor alkaloid (arecoline) and several other non-polar substances such as tannins, tannic acid and catechin, in addition to triacylglycerols, fatty acids, vitamin A and carotenes [3].
\par }\pard\plain \rtlpar\qr\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The use of a more polar solvent system such as methanol to extract the ac}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
tive ingredients from areca nuts which gave a slightly higher yield (7.28%). Methanolic fraction from areca contains carbohydrates (mainly sucrose, several reducing sugars, galactan, and mannan) [4]. In addition, proteins, saponins, gums and mineral salts
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch  }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch are present in this extract. The methanolic extract also contains small amounts of other less polar compounds, such as arecoline [3].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Areca nut extract (in n-hexane and methanol) produced in general an inhibitory effect on most of the serum enzymes tested}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
 (Table 2).  LDH was the most enzyme inhibited, whereas GPT was the least inhibited.  Similar results were obtained with other spices such as garlic (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i Allium sativum}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch ) and ginger (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch 
\i Zingiber officinale}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch ) [16]. When these spices were fed to rats, they caused sig}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch nificant reduction in ALP activity as well as other blood constituents [16]. 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The activity of LDH on the other hand, was significantly reduced by the oily extracts of areca nut. LDH activity is elevated in general in a wide variety of diseases such as myo}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
cardial infraction, liver and kidney damage and cancer. Since the enzyme is present in high amount in red blood cells, the increase of activity is often associated with increased erythrocyte breakdown [17].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The methanolic areca extract tested showed no si}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch gnificant hypoglycemic effect.  This finding is similar to a previous study made by Khan }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i et al}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
., (1995) [18] who tested several plants spices for their potential use as hypoglycemic factors. However, they indicated that only cloves added to rat diet at 10 }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
% (w/w) potentate insulin activity to a certain extent. Other spices are also known for their hypoglycemic action, such as curry leaf (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i Murraya koenigii}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch ) and mustard seeds (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i 
Brassica juncea}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch ) [19].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s4\qj\fi426\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel3\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 On the other hand, n-hexane extract produced a significant h}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 
yperglycemic effect, which caused an increase of 93% in glucose concentration. It is well known that serum glucose level increases in cases of stress, hypothyroidism, pregnancy and diabetes mellitus [17].
\par }\pard\plain \rtlpar\qr\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af0 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The normal value of total cholesterol in rat serum}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
 was found to be 1.54 mmol/L, which is significantly lower than that of a human serum (3.9-6.5 mmol/L). The areca extract (in n-hexane) which is rich in fatty substances, causes significant increase in total cholesterol (70 % increase at a concentration o
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch f}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
 586 ppm) as compared to methanolic extract which had a slight hypocholestermic effect (18 % decrease at a concentration of 613 ppm). It was shown that feeding rats for 90 days on a standard diet plus 10 % mustard seeds, resulted in a reduction of total s
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch e}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
rum cholesterol and other lipids such as LDL (low density lipoprotein) and VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) [19]. It is suggested that this reduction in cholesterol may be due to the increased activity of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Ot
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch h}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch er spices such as curcumin and red pepper, are known to increase both serum cholesterol and liver microsomal cholesterol [20]. Whereas spices such as ginger (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i Zingiber officinale}{
\rtlch \af15 \ltrch ) and fenugreek ( }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i Trigonella foenumgraecum}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch ) had no significant effect on blood }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch sugar or blood lipids [21].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch In general areca extract increased the total protein content of serum by 12 %. No data is available in literature regarding the effect of spices on plasma protein. Yet, it is clinically known that serum total protein increases }{
\rtlch \af15 \ltrch in case of certain diseases such as multiple myeloma [17].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The normal urea content of rat serum was found to be 5.5 mmol/L. In general, there are no significant changes of the rat serum urea when treated with areca nut extract.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Taken liver as an example,}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
 since liver is a versatile organ, which is involved in metabolism and independently involved in many other biochemical functions.  Liver is the key organ and the principal site where the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins take place.  Liver
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch  }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
is the organ where ammonia is converted to urea.  It is the principal organ where cholesterol is synthesized and catabolized to form bile acid and bile salts.  Since liver is involved in removal of sugars by glycogenesis or in conversion of other monosacc
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch h}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch arides to glucose, therefore, a change in blood glucose level may indicate among another reason a liver damage.  Since liver is the site of albumin synthesis and also some of }{\rtlch \af15\afs20 \ltrch 
{\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 97 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch - and }{\rtlch \af15\afs20 \ltrch {\field{\*\fldinst SYMBOL 98 \\f "Symbol" \\s 10}{\fldrslt\f3\fs20}}}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
-globulins, therefore, determination of total plasma protein, albumin and}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch  A/G ratio might gave useful information in chronic liver diseases. 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch The liver plays an active and important role in the metabolism of cholesterol including its synthesis, estrification, oxidation and excretion. Total lipid cholesterol may be an indicatio}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
n of obstructive jaundice and severe acute hepatic necrosis.  Increases in both transaminases are found in liver diseases or in toxic hepatitis, with GPT is much higher than GOT.  Alkaline phosphatase is used in differential diagnosis of jaundice.  It is 
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch i}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
ncreased in both infectious hepatitis (viral hepatitis) and post hepatic jaundice (extra hepatic obstruction) but the rise is usually much greater in cases of obstructive jaundice, xantoniatous biliary cirrhosis and primary carcinoma.  Lactate dehydrogena
}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch s}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch e increased activity might be an indication of an infectious hepatitis [17].
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch Generally, there are changes in most of the studied parameters. The biochemical and pharmacological properties of areca nut obtained from this study is considered preliminary. Ea}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
ch parameter should be taken separately and analyzed further in order to shed more light on its properties.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc\s1\qc\keepn\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\outlinelevel0\adjustright \rtlch\ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\b\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs20 References
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi-426\li426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [1]\tab Craig, W.J. "Health Promoting Properties of Common Herbs." }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
 Sept., 70, No.3 (1999), 4915-4995.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [2] \tab Chopra, R.N.}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , Badhwar, R.L. and Ghosh, S. }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Poisonous Plants of India}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , vol, 2. Delhi:  Government of India Press, 1965.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\s15\qj\fi-426\li426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs28 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [3]\tab Arjungi, K.N.  Areca Nut: A Review. }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Arzneimittelforschung}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\fs16 , 26 (1976), 951-6.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj\qj\fi-426\li426\nowidctlpar\widctlpar\adjustright \rtlch\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fs20 {\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [4]\tab Sundqvist, K. and Grafstrom, R.C. Effects of Areca Nut on Growth,}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
 Differntiation and Formation of DNA Damage in Cultured Human Bbuccal Epithelial Cells.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 International J. Cancer}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , 52, No. 2 (1992), 305-10.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [5]\tab Trived, A.H., Dave, B.G, and Adhvaryu, S.C. \ldblquote Genotoxic Effects of Nicotine in Combination with Arecoline on CHO }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Cells.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 J. Cancer Letters}
{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , 74, No. 1-2 (1993), 105- l0.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [6] \tab Singh, A. and Rao, A.R. \ldblquote Modulatory Effect of Areca Nut on the Action of Mace (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Myristica fragrans}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
; Houtt) on the Hepatic Detoxication System in Mice.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 J. Food & Chemical Toxicology,}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  31, No. 7  (1}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 993), 517-21.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  [7]\tab Liu, T. Y., Chen, C. L. and Chi, C. W. Oxidative damage to DNA induced by areca nut extract. }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Mutation Research}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , 367, No. 1 (1996), 25-31.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  [8] \tab }{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw2 \ltrch \fs16\expnd0\expndtw2 Fang, C., Liu, S., Sheng, Z., Li, Z. and Tang, F. \ldblquote Study on the Cytotoxic and DNA Damaging Ef}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw2 \ltrch 
\fs16\expnd0\expndtw2 fects in Oral Mucosal Fibroblasts by Areca Nut Extract.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15\expnd0\expndtw2 \ltrch \i\fs16\expnd0\expndtw2 Hunan Yike Daxue Xuebao}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw2 \ltrch \fs16\expnd0\expndtw2 
, 22, No. 2 (1997), 105-}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  l08.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [9]\tab Van Der Bijl, P. and Thomspon, I.O.C. \ldblquote Effect of Aqueous Areca Nut Extract on the Permeability of Mucosa.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 South African Journal of Science}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch 
\fs16 , 9}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 4, No. 5 (1998), 241-243.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [10]\tab Chiang, W.T., Yang, C.C., Deng, J.F. and Bullard, M. \ldblquote Cardiac Arrhythmia and Betal Nut Chewing-is there a Causal Effect.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Vet Hum Toxicol}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
, 40, No. 5 (1998), 287-9.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [11]\tab Jeng, J.H., Hahn, L.J., Lin, B.R., Hsieh, C.C., Chan, C.}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 P. and Chang, M.C. \ldblquote 
Effects of Areca Nut, Inflorescence Piper Betel Extracts and Arecoline on Cytotoxicity, Total and Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Cultured Gingival Keratinocytes.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 J. Oral Pathol Med}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 
, 28, No. 2 (1999), 64-71.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [12]\tab Dar, A. and Khatoon, S. \ldblquote }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 Behavioral and Biochemical Studies of Dichloromethane Fraction from Areca Catechu Nut.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Pharmacol Biochem Behav}
{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , 65, No. 1 (2000), 1-6.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [13] \tab Abo-Khatwa, A. N. and Kubo, I. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Cardamom Seeds, }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Elettaria cardamomum .}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \rdblquote }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch 
\i\fs16  Proc. Saudi Biol. Soc}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ., l0, (1987), 297-305.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [14] \tab Norusis, M. J. SPSS/PC, Version 3.0 and 3.1 Update Manual. Chicago: SPSS Inc., 1989.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [15] \tab }{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw2 \ltrch \fs16\expnd0\expndtw2 Kartha, A.R.S. \ldblquote Analysis and Distribution of Inner and Outer Areca Nut Fats.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15\expnd0\expndtw2 \ltrch 
\i\fs16\expnd0\expndtw2 Chem. Ind.}{\rtlch \af15\expnd0\expndtw2 \ltrch \fs16\expnd0\expndtw2  52, (1971), 1073}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 .
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [16] }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 \tab Ahmed, R.S. and Sharma, S.B. \ldblquote Biochemical Studies on Combined Effects of Garlic (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Allium sativum}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ) and Ginger (}{\rtlch 
\ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Zingiber officinale}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ) in Abino Rats.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Indian J. Expo}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ., 35, No. 8 (1997), 841-843.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [17] \tab Calbreath, D.F. }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Clinical Biochemistry}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 . W. B. Saunders, Phil}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 adelphia, 1992.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [18]\tab Khan, A., Bryden, N.A., Polansky, M.M. and Anderson, R.A.  \ldblquote Insulin Potentiating Factor and Chromium Content of Selected Foods and Spices.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Biol. Trace Elem. Res}{
\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ., 24, No. 3 (1990), 183-188
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [19]\tab Khan, B.A., Abraham, A. and Leelamma, S.}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  \ldblquote Hypoglycemic Action of }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Murraya koenigii}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  (Curry Leaf) and }{\rtlch \ai\af15 
\ltrch \i\fs16 Brassica Juncea}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  (Mustard): Mechanism of Action.\rdblquote  }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Indian J. Biochem. Biophys.}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , 32, No.2 (1995), 106-8.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [20] \tab Srinivan, K. and Sambiah, K. The Effect of Spices on Cholesterol 7 Alpha-hydroxylase Acti}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 vity and on Serum and Hepatic Cholesterol Levels in the Rat. }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 
Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ., 61, No.4 (1991), 364- 9.
\par }{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 [21]\tab Bordia, A., Verna, S.K. and Srivastava, K.C. Effect of Ginger (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 Zingiber officinale}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ; Rosc.) and Fenugreek (}{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 
Trigonella foenumgraecum}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 ; L.) on}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16  Blood Lipids, Blood Sugar and Platelet Aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. }{\rtlch \ai\af15 \ltrch \i\fs16 
J. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids}{\rtlch \af15 \ltrch \fs16 , 49, No. 5 (1997), 885-889.
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