Keywords: Burstone analysis, Hard-tissue measurements, Orthognathic surgery, Saudi adult, Black American
adult, Japanese adult, Comparison, Ethnic difference.
Abstract. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare hard tissue analysis obtained from Saudi adults
with reference data of Japanese and African-American adults in order to determine the differences of the hard
tissue analysis between different ethnic groups. Sixty-two lateral cephalometric radiographs were collected from
the archives of cephalometric radiograph files taken by dental students of King Saud University, College of
Dentistry (31 females and 31 males), age range was 22-24 years. The lateral cephalometric radiographs were
analyzed and the mean values of hard and dental measurement were compared with those of African-American
adults, and the Japanese adults. The results showed Saudi males compared to Black had significantly: increased
anterior cranial base, and reduced posterior cranial base, reduced facial convexity, maxillary protrusion, and
maxillary length. Saudi adult females had smaller upper posterior facial height and lower anterior facial height,
downward tipping of maxilla, smaller vertical dental heights, reduced total mandibular body length, and less
proclination of lower incisors. Saudi adults compared to Japanese had significantly: increased anterior cranial
base, reduced posterior cranial base, prognathic maxilla, prominent chin, smaller vertical lower dental heights,
smaller ramus and obtuse gonial angle in males, less proclination of upper and lower incisors, and less steep
occlusal plane to horizontal plane.
This study may be useful in providing racially specific cephalometric values for diagnosis and treatment
planning for orthognathic surgery of Saudi adults. It might represent true differences in skeletal and dental features
between the three racial groups.

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A Comparative Orthognathic Cephalometric Study Among Saudi, African-American and Japanese Adults: Hard Tissue Measurements	0

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