المجلد 24
استعراض
مقالة وصول حر Decision Support System to Improve Public Participation Process in the Urban Planning of Egyptian Cities(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 21/6/1432) Hatem MahmoudFaced with the challenges of urban growth, the Egyptian government has, since 2005, adopted a policy of participation in the decision-making of urban planning projects with the aim of enhancing urban growth management. As this is a new policy, shortcomings are inevitable, especially with regard to communication among the stakeholders and participation diversity. This study presents the Decision Support System (DSS), a computer prototype that introduces multiple tools aiming at facilitating more intensive and expanded participation. Developing this prototype involved three stages: 1) Collecting data about the participation process in Egypt and preparing an initial prototype; 2) Evaluating the prototype feasibility, collecting improving suggestions, as well as assessing the strengths and weaknesses of using such prototypes in the participation process through questionnaire responses from 50 Egyptian urban planners experienced in similar participatory activities; and 3) Finalizing the prototype based on the evaluation. The results show that shifting to such prototypes based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is likely to facilitate and promote more active participation among urban planners. For the proposed system to be truly effective, however, there should be greater emphasis on developing government policies regarding participation in decision-making in Egyptian urban planning projects.مقالة وصول حر Developing A Modern Technique for Clayey Constructio(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 7/1/1431) Mokhtar Ali Abdulhafiz AbdoThe fierce damages that were caused by the loam buildings due to the floods disaster in Wadi-Hadhramaut in 2008 and the interest of many employers to obtain modern loam walls of less thickness and high resistance to denudation factors, in addition to the unavailability of researches specialized in checking the effects of the climatic conditions on the loam resistance; all those were the most important motives to carry out this research.For this, the researcher's aims have been summarized in gathering and documentation the information and lore about the loam construction in Yemen; not only to use them in conserving the existing buildings but also to develop loam building of modern lasting techniques which fulfills the requirements of the age. Moreover, the discovery of the effects of the climatic conditions on loam's resistance is considered the researcher's main goal in this topic.Thus, the methodicalness of this research has concentrated on analyzing the techniques of the traditional loam construction in Yemen and carrying out lab experiments to examine the pressure resistance for many specimens taken from different loam mixtures and studying the effect of drying them under various climatic conditions; moreover, lab experiments were performed to examine the effect of slow drying through capillarity of protected covering walls, on different loam mixtures.The most important results of this research is the proof that the loam construction elements that were dried under summer climatic conditions show shrinkage cracks more that of dried under winter climatic conditions, thus, it was emerged that the importance of adhering to traditional rule which says that the loam buildings should be built in winter not in summer. The second result is proving that thinning the "fat" and "semi-fat" loams should be used with crushed stone with max. nominal size in the sandy range not using sand with round granules.Also, it has been reached through this research that it is necessary to developing the protecting covers of the loam walls to get a more resistance to denudation factors and to avoid the negativeness of lime or cement plaster to fall from loam walls due to the dissimilarity of factors of the thermal linear hygroscopic extension.مقالة وصول حر Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the Urban Sustainable Development Decisions(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 9/1/1431) Mohamed Abdel Aziz Abdel HamidAccording to the Earth Summit Agenda 21, mentions that we need to establish the concept of information systems and utilizing them in the sustainable development process of the city. The municipalities, local governments, and resource users should gain from new information technologies that provide them with the know-how they need to manage their environments and resources sustainably. So, making decisions based on geography is basic to human thinking such as; where we go, what will it shall be like, and what shall we do when we get whether not it can be applied to sustainable development. Therefore, we find that in the 21st century most of public organizations have started to use Information Technologies, and also the municipalities have been utilizing technological developments as tools for their services. Serving, deciding and using city resources efficiently will be easier by using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based Urban Information System (UIS).The paper will review the concept of urban sustainable development and how it is influencing responses to increasing population growth in cities. It will address the role of GIS-based for sustainable development in terms of local and municipal governance. Moreover, it is to show how GIS can be used in the assessment and modeling of urban sustainability, how sustainable development at urban level is measured? Finally the paper reviews the intersection of GIS and urban sustainability through empirical research by building a GIS model to examine how Riyadh city can be develop of sustainably. It will test the priorities of urban development for the city to preserve the resources available.مقالة وصول حر Housing Communities between Islamic Freedom and Capitalist Kaleidoscope(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 4/7/1431) Abeer Hussam Ed-Din Al-LahhamThroughout history, achieving the “Good Society” was a prime concern for many scholars in the Western culture. Plato’s normative theories embodied in The Republic initiated what was later called “Utopianism” which prompted the creation of the “Good Society” within the “Ideal City”. The concept of the “intentional community” was a manifestation of that dream. Since the Renaissance, many related urban theories emerged. However, with the fall of Modernity and its housing utopian theories in the 1960s, a new post-modern housing utopianism was created in the forms of “Housing Coopertaives”, “Co-housing”, “Condominiums”, “Ecovillages”, “Gated Communities”, and recently “New Urbanism” which emerged in the 1990s aiming at fulfilling the long awaited dream of the “Good Society”.This research critically examines such approaches at their “deep structure”, i.e. production mechanisms, property ownership, and administrative system, to prove that despite the apparent differences (in titles, territoral structure, and ownership patterns for example), they all stem from the same deep structure in terms of their driving mechanisms and general societal system, i.e. capitalism. In other words, all those approaches are bounded by the capitalist kaleidoscope.To explore this, a substantially different perspective that exists outside the boundaries of capitalism, such as that of Islam, is used to review those approaches. It was found that Islamic residential communities have achieved democracy, equity, justice and freedom more than contemporary capitalist housing communities. Islam, through its mechanisms, power structure and decision making process has achieved the Western dream of the “Good Society”, in its Western sense.مقالة وصول حر Integrated Framework for Implementing Sustainability into Architectural Design Process: Case of Saudi Architectural Practices(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 23/10/1431) Hikmat H. AliThe purpose of this study is to develop an integrated framework for implementing sustainability into architectural design process. Qualitative and quantitative approaches used to develop the framework; basically soft system methodology (SSM) with its seven interrelated stages is used to shape interventions in the problematic situation encountered in system management. The model is validated based on observational quasi-experiments, interviews with designers and professors of architecture. Besides, structured questionnaire have been used to measure the applicability of sustainable parameters into architectural process. The principal outcomes of this research are that sustainable practices are of increasing interest in many levels and complex dimensions. This approach, which is cyclic in its nature, takes into consideration a pool of ideas and intuitions of many design members. Moreover, there is a strong orientation in academic realm and among design studios in Saudi universities toward sustainability application as the backbone of design. The students, and professors as well, consider sustainability a need rather than a design movement.مقالة وصول حر Integrating Intelligent Building Technologies: A Means for Fostering Sustainability(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 28/12/1430) Rabee M. ReffatIntelligent Building technologies have a potential significant impact on sustainability issues (energy efficiency, due diligence, health and safety and indoor environment). It is widely recognized that intelligent building can improve the environmental and economic performance of buildings. Consequently, the promotion of intelligent buildings is regarded as means of fostering sustainability. Intelligent building technology encompasses sophisticated systems targeting various facets of building automation. Developing such an integration system of intelligent buildings technologies can significantly increase the energy efficiency of the building while also providing enhanced occupant comfort and cost effectiveness. Given the developments in information and communication technology and the increasing level of complexity of intelligent building systems, this paper introduces an integration system that facilitates improving the utilization of intelligent building technologies. The proposed system in this paper provides three indispensable sets of criteria by which successful integration of intelligent building technologies can be achieved. These measures are integration criteria for sub-system operation, best practices of sub-system business considerations, and interoperability criteria. Detailed and articulated measures for each set of these criteria are introduced. The paper explores the potential benefits of integrating intelligent building technologies as a useful means for fostering sustainability in buildings.مقالة وصول حر Residents’ Satisfaction with the Villa as a Housing Type in Saudi Arabia(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 13/5/1432) Rafee Ibrahim HakkyThe villa as a housing type in its modern form in Saudi Arabia has been widely built since the early fifties of the last century. Doubts about its appropriateness to the Saudi society have been repeatedly pointed out in the literature. The intent of this study is to evaluate the level of acceptance the villa enjoys within present Saudi society, and to gauge this society’s degree of satisfaction with its design. It also addresses two issues in some depth: the use of the villa’s garden and privacy concerns.The study was based on a questionnaire administered in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and answered by 250 participants. It was found that the villa is well accepted and highly preferred as a housing type by the participants. It was also found that the participants were mostly satisfied with the design of the villa, although they had some reservations among which were high running costs and lack of complete privacy. The main issue that was evident throughout the study, however, was that it has become empirical to reexamine negative propagated ideas about the villa. Such propagated ideas include the inadequacy of the villa for the Saudi society, the view of the villa’s garden as a wasted space, and privacy as a constant concept.مقالة وصول حر Technological Adaptability: An Approach towards a Flexible and Sustainable Architecture(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 2/1/1431) Faiza NakibTechnological progress is an endless accelerating phenomenon. It becomes a major aspect of our wellbeing and influences our everyday life as well as our use of architectural spaces. Buildings must always embrace technological innovations and follow the pace of their evolution, while absorbing the impact of change. This objective can be achieved by maintaining the building quality, entailing a minimum disruption of the ongoing activities, and lowering expenses as well as energy and materials consumption.The need for technological evolution emanates from users’ needs but also from the surrounding socio-cultural and demographic change, market demands, climate variability, regulations, and aesthetic tendencies. In this context, technological adaptability is crucial to support the building sustainability by ensuring users’ well being and safety (comfort, life quality, positive interaction….), long term value of the building (longevity, cost effectiveness, strong image, etc.) and functional efficiency (multi-functionality, Efficient physical and virtual connections, etc.)The present paper aims to define strategies as well as a set of guidelines that might help to integrate progressive technological features in the building systems. In this perspective, some approaches dealing with architectural adaptability are studied, and a set of guidelines for technological adaptability are drawn from their combination. The adopted methodology takes into account complexity and uncertainty of the building and considers the interrelation of economical, social, spatial, functional and technical aspects. These guidelines constitute a systemic approach and should be considered as a whole to achieve the intended goal.مقالة وصول حر The Impact of Shopping Mall upon the Future of Urban Planning in Greater Amman(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 29/4/1432) Samer Abu-GhazalahGreater Amman in the beginning of the 21st century started an economic reform process that involves enhancing the climate for foreign investment to improve the economy. The emerging international status of Greater Amman, as measured by the economic growth, real estate activity and the building of large shopping malls, is becoming obvious to international and local investors. Greater Amman has developed into a city of regional importance within the global urban economic system of the Middle East.This research investigates the impact of one of these large scale projects now taking place at Greater Amman, the shopping malls upon social life and urban planning of the city. In 2000, two mega shopping malls have been planned in Greater Amman, the Mecca Mall and the City Mall, each of an area of around 150 thousand square meters. Both of them are located in the western section of the city, only 600 meters apart. Amman Mall, previously the largest mall in Greater Amman, has an area of only 35.8 thousand square meters and was built in 1998. This sudden and huge transfer to the new scale malls that have an area of more than four times the Amman Mall needs investigation and appraisal especially in its social effect upon the residents of Amman and upon the urban planning of the city. This research is taking Mecca Mall as a case study and appraising cultural and social aspects. At end, a number of conclusions are reached in order to improve the shopping malls environments.مقالة وصول حر The Sustainability of Riyadh City: A Backcasting Study Using Household Consumption Patterns(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 11/6/1432) Tahar LedraaSustainability is a major challenge for Riyadh City. Nearly all indicators tend to reveal a bleak future for the city if the current trends of resource consumption are allowed to go on. Forecasting methods that have been extensively used in urban planning research have shown little success to come up with sound policies to tackle sustainability issues. The problem with such technique lies in the fact that these forecasts are being built upon the current trends. Current trends and actions are part of the problem. Projecting them into the future would simply mean amplifying the problem and rendering it even worse and more complex. The backcasting approach is, therefore, required to deal with the issue of planning for sustainability. This approach consists of having an informed vision about the city’s desired future in order to strategically deal with potential trade-off from different decisions. It shifts away from current trends and their associated problems to proceed towards a transitional state where a change in behaviors and lifestyles is needed to move society in the direction of sustainability.The results show excessive use of energy and land for residential use and car movement which may exert a huge burden on the city environment. When household categories were compared, those with higher socioeconomic status tend to be more spendthrift than their counterparts of lower SES. Income was found to account for much of the variance in energy requirements and also for food, water and washing expenditures. To tackle the issue of Riyadh sustainability, a visionary image for the city in the year 2020 must be set up. The target is to achieve a Factor 30 in environmental efficiency for the city to curtail the overgrowing environmental stress.To achieve this target, policies must be geared towards changing households consumption behaviors and lifestyles. Automobile trips must be kept to a minimum. For that, the physical plan layout of the remaining areas of the city must follow design principles that encourage pedestrian movements, promote means of public transport and reduce incentives to use the private car.مقالة وصول حر The Use of GIS in Studying and Modeling Traffic Noise and its Relationship to Land Uses in Riyadh(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 14/1/1431) Azizah Bint Aziz Al-ShihriThis study aims to monitor, analyze and model spatial relationships of traffic noise and its intensity in major streets of Riyadh and surrounding residential areas. We shall adopt a mathematical model to obtain noise intensity level from the average number of passing vehicles in the road, their average speed and the percentage of trucks. By using methods of spatial data insertion in GIS system, it was possible to prepare noise maps (continuous area) which shows the nature and pattern of noise distribution in roads and surrounding areas, one set throughout the day and another through peak hours.These maps are useful for delineating areas with high noise level and areas of low noise levels. This information, in turn, is useful for selection of sites for land uses that require low level of noise, such as health facilities, schools, public libraries, etc.By analyzing the relationship between noise and land use of areas surrounding roads, it was possible to know the relationship between the activities and land uses of areas adjoining road, and the level of noise in the roads. The spatial analysis was also useful in understanding the factors that lead to the high noise levels in some roads.The conclusion contains recommendations and planning criteria that may help planners and decision makers to reduce noise levels down to allowable levels, to preserve people's health and comfort and conserve the environment.مقالة وصول حر Towards an Approach to Residential Neighborhood Planning in Riyadh According to “Smart Growth” Design Principles(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 6/12/1432) Tahar A. LedraaThe paper sets out to analyze neighborhood design and development in Riyadh based on the data provided by the ADA 2005 Riyadh digital map. It starts by discussing the principles of sprawl-oriented neighborhoods and “Smart Growth”-slant ones. For the purpose of comparison between neighborhoods of different styles, the Riyadh city was subdivided into four study areas. The first area consists of the urban core which has primarily a traditional smart growth oriented neighborhood development pattern. Three successive 5 km ring buffers surrounding the city core were then executed using ArcMap analysis tools provided by ESRI programs.The study is undertaken under the contention that the farther from the urban core the more sprawl-oriented the neighborhood will be. A continuum ranging from smart growth to sprawled neighborhoods was set to examine a whole gamut of variables such as land use intensity, mixed use diversity, pedestrian accessibility and street network patterns. The results seem to indicate that Riyadh cannot afford the pursuit of such current unsustainable pattern of neighborhood development. Adopting a smart growth approach is therefore recommended to make a brake to such unsustainable patterns. A sound approach to developing newer residential neighborhood design would be to build upon the locally established patterns of design as revealed by the traditional core at the inner city.مقالة وصول حر انتاج أول خريطة رقمية شاملة للمعالم المكانية لطريق الهجرة النبوية باستخدام أنظمة الرصد العالمية ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 20/10/1432) عبد الله بن حسين القاضيباستعراض الدراسات السابقة التاريخية والمعاصرة اكتشف الباحث عدم وجود رصد دقيق وموثق ومعتمد لمعالم طريق الهجرة النبوية يمكن أن يستخدمه الباحثون والدارسون، بل والزائرون الذين يرغبون في التعرف على تلك المعالم على الطبيعة، وإن الموجود بين أيدينا هو (في معظمه) محاولات وصفية أدبية (نصوص) مستمدة من روايات علماء السيرة والأحاديث النبوية، كما توجد بعض المحاولات المحدودة لوصف معالم طريق الهجرة منتجة بوسائط رسومية تقليدية (مثل الكروكيات العامة، والخرائط المساحية البسيطة المطبوعة والمتضمنة في كتب وأدلة مقروءة)، ولا تحتوي المكتبة العالمية على أي محاولات لرصد تلك المعالم بأساليب وتقنيات حديثة تتميز بالدقة والجودة العالية.لذلك تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إنتاج خريطة رقمية لرصد المعالم المكانية لطريق الهجرة النبوية باستخدام أساليب تقنية حديثة وهي أنظمة الرصد العالمية ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية، ومن خلال منهج علمي دقيق يتتبع تلك المعالم ويرفعها ميدانياً بإحداثياتها الجغرافية الحقيقية، ثم يوقعها على الخريطة الرقمية بدقة عالية، ثم يظهرها بعد ذلك بأسلوب مناسب (ورقياً ورقمياً) يجعلها في متناول الراغبين في التعرف عليها، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف اتبعت الدراسة أساليب مكتبية وميدانية،.أما المعلومات المكتبية فاستخلصت من دراستين سابقتين للباحث، الأولى تتبعت وحصرت أهم المعالم المكانية لطريق الهجرة لتُقرأ الهجرة النبوية كما وردت بأمهات الكتب والمؤلفات السابقة وكتب الأحاديث والسيرة النبوية (القاضي، 1431هـ)، والثانية تتبعت وقيَّمت المحاولات الرسومية التي تم إنجازها لمعالم طريق الهجرة النبوية (القاضي، 1432هـ)، فضلاً عن الأدبيات التي أوردت بعض التعاريف للمفردات التي استخدمت في هذا البحث مثل: نظم المعلومات الجغرافية، وأنظمة الرصد العالمية، وغيرهما. وأما المعلومات الميدانية فقد تم جمعها بالزيارات المتكررة لمعالم الطريق وتسجيل مواضع المعالم المختلفة بإحداثيات جغرافية بالاستعانة بأنظمة الرصد العالمية GPS،وقد أمكن بحمد الله توقيع تلك المعالم على خريطة رقمية باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS يمكن حفظها إلكترونياً وعرضها وتداولها على الحاسبات الآلية وعلى شبكات الإنترنت وغيرها من الوسائط المرئية الحديثة، كما يمكن طباعتها ورقياً لكي تستخدم باعتبارها خريطة مساحية دقيقة تنفع لأغراض عديدة.مقالة وصول حر منهجية دمج استراتيجيات التصميم المستدام في تقنية نمذجة معلومات البناء الإمكانيات الحالية والاحتمالات المستقبلية(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 02/03/1432) حنان سليمان عيسى محمدإن الاستعانة بالنماذج الرقمية في العمارة أتاح للمصممين الدقة والسرعة في الأداء ومكَّنهم من الوصول لعدد أكبر من البدائل التصميمية مع سهولة التشكيل والتغيير والتنويع، إلا أن معظم التطبيقات التي استخدمت مسبقاً كانت لا تحتوي على المعلومات الكافية لتحليل أداء المباني وتقييمها، بينما ظهرت مؤخراً أدوات أكثر تطوراً تمثل المبنى كقاعدة بيانات متكاملة من المعلومات المنسقة (مثل: كميات المواد وخصائصها، أداء الطاقة، كفاءة الإضاءة، خصائص الموقع، معلومات التنفيذ ... إلخ)، وهذه المعالجة الجديدة في التصميم، والتي تختلف تماماً عن الاستخدام التقليدي لبرامج CAD، أُطلق عليها "نمذجة معلومات البناء" Building Information Modeling (BIM)، وهي منهجية لنمذجة معلومات المبنى وبياناتها بصورة رقمية، وتشمل إحداث تغييرات في عمليات التصميم والتنفيذ، ولها القدرة على توجيه التصميم لاتجاه أكثر استدامة كجزء من العملية التصميمية بطرق أكثر كفاءة مما كانت عليه منذ سنوات قليلة، وعلى الرغم من أن التصميم المستدام يبدو معقداً، إلا أن التطورات الأخيرة في تقنيات نمذجة معلومات البناء BIM جعلت طرقه وأساليبه أكثر سهولة، ومكَّن الاتصال بين نموذج معلومات البناء وأدوات التحليل المصممين من تقييم التصميمات المقترحة وتحديد إن كانت ستحقق الأداء المطلوب منها والمظهر والتكلفة بعد الانتهاء بشكل دقيق، مما سيساعدهم على تنفيذ المشاريع بشكل أسرع وأفضل من الناحية الاقتصادية، بالإضافة إلى تقليل الآثار السلبية على البيئة، وبذلك تمثل نمذجة معلومات البناء BIM أداة فعالة في إطار المساعي العالمية الرامية لتحويل قطاع البناء إلى نموذج أكثر استدامة.وفي هذا الإطار يستعرض البحث المفاهيم الأساسية لكل من التصميم المستدام وتقنية نمذجة معلومات البناء والإمكانيات الحالية لتقنية نمذجة معلومات البناء BIM والمميزات الأساسية لها في توجيه التصميم المستدام، كما يعرض أنواع التحليلات والأدوات التي يستخدمها النموذج لتحسين التصميم وبناء الأفكار للاستدامة.ويهدف البحث إلى الوصول لمنهجية دمج إستراتيجيات التصميم المستدام ومفاهيمه في تقنية نمذجة معلومات البناء BIM، واستكشاف الاحتمالات المستقبلية لهما وتسخير إمكانات تقنية نمذجة معلومات البناء BIM في تسهيل حلول التصميم المستدام للوصول لمبانٍ صديقة للبيئة يتم تصميمها وتنفيذها وتشغيلها بأساليب وتقنيات تسهم في الحد من تأثيرها على البيئة.