مجلة العمارة والتخطيط
استعراض
مقالة وصول حر )2017- التمدد العمراني لمدينة الرياض ) 1987 دراسة باستخدام تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 16/07/1438) حمد أحمد التويجريسعت هذه الدراسة إلى توضيح التمدد العمراني خلال فترة الدراسة بين عامي ) 1987 م2017- م( والذي طرأ على مدينة الرياض، التي تنبع أهميتها من كونها عاصمة للمملكة العربية السعوديةوأكثر مدنها عدداً للسكان وأكبرها مساحةً، واستهدفت توضيح مقدار هذا التمدد العمراني ونسبته وكذلكاتجاهات النمو العمراني في المدينة خلال هذه الفترة الممتدة بين هذين التاريخين عبر استخدام البرمجيات ذاتالبعد المكاني. لقد تمت الاستعانة بتقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والاستشعار عن بعد ممثلة في برنامجيتم تحميل )USGS( وبقدراتهما العالية والمتينة، فعبر موقع هيئة المساحة الجيولوجية )Erdas( و )ArcGIS(لفترة الدراسة، ومن ثم القيام بعمليات التحليل والمعالجة كالتصنيف والاقتصاص )Landsat( مرئياتوالتحسين والتحرير وغيرها، وكذلك إجراء الحسابات حتى الوصول إلى النتائج. ولقد تبين من خلال أبرزالنتائج التي تم استخلاصها، حجم التمدد العمراني الواضح لمدينة الرياض خلال فترة الدراسة إذ بلغت نسبةالتمدد في النمو العمراني ) 82.9 %( بين عامي ) 1987 م - 2017 م(، وكذلك تباينت الاتجاهات العمرانيةللنمو خلال ذات الفترة أيضاً. وأوصت هذه الدراسة ببعض التوصيات أبرزها: ضرورة اعتماد دراساتالتمدد العمراني لتصبح بصفة دورية وربطها بالخطط الخمسية للدولة على أن تكون مثل هذه الدراساتمنطلقاً لدراسات تتناول موضوع التنبؤ والتوقع للتغير العمراني في ضوء التقنيات آنفة الذكر.مقالة وصول حر Arabic Calligraphy in Modern Architecture(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 25/12/1438) مساعد بن عبدالله السدحانAbstract. The use of Arabic calligraphy in Muslim architecture has always been a traditional style. However,during the past few years, it has been observed that the font is being used in various styles and techniques,in terms of form, function and materials. Due to the lack of sufficient knowledge the use of Arabiccalligraphy in modern architecture, and its various styls`, this study aims at finding out the various trendsin the use of Arabic calligraphy in modern architecture. The study compiled and analyzed a number of imagesfor a number of buildings that used Arabic calligraphy. The most important result shows that the useof Arabic calligraphy appeared in three directions: The traditional direction, which is a continuation of thestyle of using the font in ancient architecture, the mixed trend that took into account the traditional style butemployed modern techniques and materials, and the new trend that uses the font in an unconventional way.مقالة وصول حر Construction Project Management: Analysis of the Root Causes of Change in Low-Income Housing Projects in Egypt(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 26/5/1436)Abstract: Construction projects are vulnerable to unexpected changes that affect their success. However, thesechanges can seldom be eliminated through applying risk management strategies only. This study aims at accessingthe root causes and impact of changes in Construction Projects in Egypt. The emphasis is made on low-incomehousing projects as a case study that represents a type of construction projects that is exposed to severe changes.To achieve this objective, a literature review was conducted to acquire the important knowledge about changemanagement and a questionnaire was also done. The data collected included three selected projects tackling abouttwenty five change orders. The status of changes, root causes and the impact of such changes on the major projectsconstraints were analyzed in accordance with different phases of the projects. For the practitioners, the findings ofthis study offers an initiative to reduce changes that negatively affect project performance and increase the successof low-income housing projects in general.مقالة وصول حر Decision Support System to Improve Public Participation Process in the Urban Planning of Egyptian Cities(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 21/6/1432) Hatem MahmoudFaced with the challenges of urban growth, the Egyptian government has, since 2005, adopted a policy of participation in the decision-making of urban planning projects with the aim of enhancing urban growth management. As this is a new policy, shortcomings are inevitable, especially with regard to communication among the stakeholders and participation diversity. This study presents the Decision Support System (DSS), a computer prototype that introduces multiple tools aiming at facilitating more intensive and expanded participation. Developing this prototype involved three stages: 1) Collecting data about the participation process in Egypt and preparing an initial prototype; 2) Evaluating the prototype feasibility, collecting improving suggestions, as well as assessing the strengths and weaknesses of using such prototypes in the participation process through questionnaire responses from 50 Egyptian urban planners experienced in similar participatory activities; and 3) Finalizing the prototype based on the evaluation. The results show that shifting to such prototypes based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is likely to facilitate and promote more active participation among urban planners. For the proposed system to be truly effective, however, there should be greater emphasis on developing government policies regarding participation in decision-making in Egyptian urban planning projects.مقالة وصول حر Developing A Modern Technique for Clayey Constructio(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 7/1/1431) Mokhtar Ali Abdulhafiz AbdoThe fierce damages that were caused by the loam buildings due to the floods disaster in Wadi-Hadhramaut in 2008 and the interest of many employers to obtain modern loam walls of less thickness and high resistance to denudation factors, in addition to the unavailability of researches specialized in checking the effects of the climatic conditions on the loam resistance; all those were the most important motives to carry out this research.For this, the researcher's aims have been summarized in gathering and documentation the information and lore about the loam construction in Yemen; not only to use them in conserving the existing buildings but also to develop loam building of modern lasting techniques which fulfills the requirements of the age. Moreover, the discovery of the effects of the climatic conditions on loam's resistance is considered the researcher's main goal in this topic.Thus, the methodicalness of this research has concentrated on analyzing the techniques of the traditional loam construction in Yemen and carrying out lab experiments to examine the pressure resistance for many specimens taken from different loam mixtures and studying the effect of drying them under various climatic conditions; moreover, lab experiments were performed to examine the effect of slow drying through capillarity of protected covering walls, on different loam mixtures.The most important results of this research is the proof that the loam construction elements that were dried under summer climatic conditions show shrinkage cracks more that of dried under winter climatic conditions, thus, it was emerged that the importance of adhering to traditional rule which says that the loam buildings should be built in winter not in summer. The second result is proving that thinning the "fat" and "semi-fat" loams should be used with crushed stone with max. nominal size in the sandy range not using sand with round granules.Also, it has been reached through this research that it is necessary to developing the protecting covers of the loam walls to get a more resistance to denudation factors and to avoid the negativeness of lime or cement plaster to fall from loam walls due to the dissimilarity of factors of the thermal linear hygroscopic extension.مقالة ميتاداتا فقط Different Roles of the Green Cover Elements of the Park as a Reference in Design Process Criteria(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 23/7/1436) Aisha Reem Shaabani; Lamis Herbly; Abdul Kader HaririAbstract: Parks are among the most important affordable possibilities that can be used to face the pollution and the deterioration of the urban environment; as they can achieve balance in the spiritual, psychological, cultural and aesthetical as well as the ecological and environmental aspects of people’s daily life.The research maps out a comprehensive selection strategy of the green cover elements of the park to maximize their benefits. It is hoped that the findings contribute to a deep understanding of the green cover design process criteria; and indicate that the landscape Architect is responsible for selecting suitable green cover elements that perform as much as possible vital roles, while at the same time meet the needs of park’s users, which is key factor for success.Examples of the way that green cover elements can be chosen according to their different roles were listed in tables and applied in the case study of Al-Mashtal Park at Aleppo city in Syria. The field study findings aim to contribute to the wise selection of the green cover elements, and point out the necessity of listing and ordering the various roles of the green cover elements at different zones of the new park in order to face the possible conflict of choices throughout the suggested matrix of selection set out in the research.مقالة وصول حر Effects of Shading Strategy and Orientation on Energy Performance of School Building(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 10/5/1436) M. Abdul Mujeebu; Othman AlshamraniAbstract: Excess solar gain in buildings affects the building’s energy performance; however an optimal choice ofoverhangs and fins can tackle this issue to a remarkable extent. This study analyzes various alternatives of overhangsand fins attached to south, west and east facades of an elementary school building in Los Angeles, to select the bestshading strategy in terms of energy performance. By considering ‘no-overhang-no-fin’ as the base case, three configurationssuch as overhang without fin, fin without overhang, and with overhang, were studied to assess the energyconsumption. The simulations of all the tested alternatives were performed by eQUEST software program. Theobservations reveal that the overhangs and fins, and their proper positioning and orientation have significant impacton the building’s energy performance. With respect to the baseline, a saving of up to 13.62 % in the annual electricenergy consumption and 12.5 % in total energy cost (electricity + fuel) have been predicted by the use of overhangswith fins on south, west and east facades.مقالة وصول حر Evaluating the Experience of Developing and Using Building Construction E-Courses in Architectural Education(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 23/08/1437) Mohammed Nabil GhonimDespite its relative spread recently, e-learning applications are as yet limited in architecturaleducation, and few experiences about this topic have been documented. This study attempts to participatein filling this gap and in revealing the impact of e-learning on architectural education by evaluating an experienceof developing and using building construction e-courses. The research applied an analytical methodology,and it has been divided into four parts. The first part reviews the theoretical background related toe-learning, the second part analyzes the standards and qualities of e-learning and e-courses, the third partdocuments the case study which comprises two building construction e-courses, and finally, the fourth partpresents a comprehensive evaluation of the experience and demonstrates a SWOT analysis for its positivesand negativesمقالة وصول حر Evaluating the Relevance of Residential Neighborhoods in the city of Riyadh to the Concept of Child-friendly Cities(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 25/05/1438) Musaad Al-MosaindRiyadh has developed exponentially during the last four decades. This has resulted in the transformationof its traditional, compact urban form that adhered to human scale, into a car oriented city of modernthoroughfares and freeways. The high dependency on the automobile has been at the cost of neglecting othermodes of travel, particularly walking. Modern land subdivisions lack pedestrian routes, hence discouragewalking and community life, especially for children. This has resulted in the loss of children’s urban spacesand exposed them to high rates of traffic accidents.This paper investigates road and pedestrian networks and neighborhood services provisions in Riyadhto determine the possibility of developing a children-friendly environment. A field survey of 12 neighborhoodshas been undertaken throughout the city, complemented by a questionnaire for male and femalestudents in four neighborhoods to identify perceptions and needs of pedestrians within their respectiveneighborhoods. The paper highlights several challenges to realize a truly “child-friendly city” concept. Itconcludes with recommendations to bring about a safer road network, emphasizing pedestrians and sufficientresidential services conducive to livable and safe communities for children.مقالة وصول حر Evaluation of Natural Lighting Provision for Educational Purposes through Architectural Prototype Mosque Designs in Riyadh Using ECOTECT Software(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 27/12/1433) عبد الرحمن البخيتThis paper studies and evaluates illumination provision in its Natural and artificial form for a proto-type mosque in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study comprised of comparisons to components of lighting in both natural and artificial forms determined by field measurements with that simulated through computer software, ECOTECT. Agreement between measured and simulated results was evident. This validates the use of ECOCTECT software for lighting simulations. The provided illumination levels are compared to the recommendations of American illumination engineers society IES, to establish adequacy. ECOTECT software provided a useful tool to study several proposals to improve illumination levels of the existing design and make use of natural lighting and its sustainable provision in a timely and inexpensive way. The paper concludes that ECOTECT is an effective tool to simulate and evaluate buildings design in providing natural as well as artificial lighting.مقالة وصول حر Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for the Urban Sustainable Development Decisions(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 9/1/1431) Mohamed Abdel Aziz Abdel HamidAccording to the Earth Summit Agenda 21, mentions that we need to establish the concept of information systems and utilizing them in the sustainable development process of the city. The municipalities, local governments, and resource users should gain from new information technologies that provide them with the know-how they need to manage their environments and resources sustainably. So, making decisions based on geography is basic to human thinking such as; where we go, what will it shall be like, and what shall we do when we get whether not it can be applied to sustainable development. Therefore, we find that in the 21st century most of public organizations have started to use Information Technologies, and also the municipalities have been utilizing technological developments as tools for their services. Serving, deciding and using city resources efficiently will be easier by using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based Urban Information System (UIS).The paper will review the concept of urban sustainable development and how it is influencing responses to increasing population growth in cities. It will address the role of GIS-based for sustainable development in terms of local and municipal governance. Moreover, it is to show how GIS can be used in the assessment and modeling of urban sustainability, how sustainable development at urban level is measured? Finally the paper reviews the intersection of GIS and urban sustainability through empirical research by building a GIS model to examine how Riyadh city can be develop of sustainably. It will test the priorities of urban development for the city to preserve the resources available.مقالة وصول حر Growth Triangles Strategy and its Role in Regional Integration Process(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 29/12/1433) رلا أحمد مياRegional integration is considered one of the most developed strategies to address difficulties in development—whether internal or external—in countries and regions all over the world. It is also considered a global phenomenon for a group of regional systems that increase interactions among their elements and create new forms of cooperation and organization. Regional integration is sought by those countries that wish to reach the highest levels of development in all fields in a short time. Mustering all efforts, adopting a variety of developmental strategies, and true commitment towards integration would help developing countries--which already suffer from a scarcity of resources—overcome all hardships. Growth triangles is an important strategy that can be adopted to decrease poverty, strike a balance in development rates, and provide better welfare.This research first explains growth triangles and its correlation with regional integration. It then analyzes the global experiences that relied on growth triangles taking into consideration the orientations and mechanisms of such experiences. The research concludes with a practical methodology for growth triangles: one that can be adopted by countries and regions interested in development as is the case of the southern region of the Syrian Arab Republic. Last, the paper suggests a set of growth triangles that might be adopted in accordance with the existence or non existence of development resources that act as an attraction for neighboring regions in a certain province.مقالة وصول حر Housing Communities between Islamic Freedom and Capitalist Kaleidoscope(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 4/7/1431) Abeer Hussam Ed-Din Al-LahhamThroughout history, achieving the “Good Society” was a prime concern for many scholars in the Western culture. Plato’s normative theories embodied in The Republic initiated what was later called “Utopianism” which prompted the creation of the “Good Society” within the “Ideal City”. The concept of the “intentional community” was a manifestation of that dream. Since the Renaissance, many related urban theories emerged. However, with the fall of Modernity and its housing utopian theories in the 1960s, a new post-modern housing utopianism was created in the forms of “Housing Coopertaives”, “Co-housing”, “Condominiums”, “Ecovillages”, “Gated Communities”, and recently “New Urbanism” which emerged in the 1990s aiming at fulfilling the long awaited dream of the “Good Society”.This research critically examines such approaches at their “deep structure”, i.e. production mechanisms, property ownership, and administrative system, to prove that despite the apparent differences (in titles, territoral structure, and ownership patterns for example), they all stem from the same deep structure in terms of their driving mechanisms and general societal system, i.e. capitalism. In other words, all those approaches are bounded by the capitalist kaleidoscope.To explore this, a substantially different perspective that exists outside the boundaries of capitalism, such as that of Islam, is used to review those approaches. It was found that Islamic residential communities have achieved democracy, equity, justice and freedom more than contemporary capitalist housing communities. Islam, through its mechanisms, power structure and decision making process has achieved the Western dream of the “Good Society”, in its Western sense.مقالة وصول حر Integrated Framework for Implementing Sustainability into Architectural Design Process: Case of Saudi Architectural Practices(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 23/10/1431) Hikmat H. AliThe purpose of this study is to develop an integrated framework for implementing sustainability into architectural design process. Qualitative and quantitative approaches used to develop the framework; basically soft system methodology (SSM) with its seven interrelated stages is used to shape interventions in the problematic situation encountered in system management. The model is validated based on observational quasi-experiments, interviews with designers and professors of architecture. Besides, structured questionnaire have been used to measure the applicability of sustainable parameters into architectural process. The principal outcomes of this research are that sustainable practices are of increasing interest in many levels and complex dimensions. This approach, which is cyclic in its nature, takes into consideration a pool of ideas and intuitions of many design members. Moreover, there is a strong orientation in academic realm and among design studios in Saudi universities toward sustainability application as the backbone of design. The students, and professors as well, consider sustainability a need rather than a design movement.مقالة وصول حر Integrating Intelligent Building Technologies: A Means for Fostering Sustainability(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 28/12/1430) Rabee M. ReffatIntelligent Building technologies have a potential significant impact on sustainability issues (energy efficiency, due diligence, health and safety and indoor environment). It is widely recognized that intelligent building can improve the environmental and economic performance of buildings. Consequently, the promotion of intelligent buildings is regarded as means of fostering sustainability. Intelligent building technology encompasses sophisticated systems targeting various facets of building automation. Developing such an integration system of intelligent buildings technologies can significantly increase the energy efficiency of the building while also providing enhanced occupant comfort and cost effectiveness. Given the developments in information and communication technology and the increasing level of complexity of intelligent building systems, this paper introduces an integration system that facilitates improving the utilization of intelligent building technologies. The proposed system in this paper provides three indispensable sets of criteria by which successful integration of intelligent building technologies can be achieved. These measures are integration criteria for sub-system operation, best practices of sub-system business considerations, and interoperability criteria. Detailed and articulated measures for each set of these criteria are introduced. The paper explores the potential benefits of integrating intelligent building technologies as a useful means for fostering sustainability in buildings.مقالة وصول حر Landscape Perception and Landscape Change for the City of Irbid, Jordan(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 12/5/1437) Abdulla M. Al-Rawabdeh; Yasmein F. Okour; Rasheed A. Jaradat; Anne A. GharaibehAbstract: This paper assesses the perception of Irbid city boundary by a group of university students and people over 40 years old; and by comparing this to Viewshed analysis which reflects the geographicalsetting. The methodology utilizes three assessment methods: digital computation (Viewshed), questionnairesand visual assessment. The aim is to illustrate subjective assessment as an indicator of change in thelandscape character of city boundaries. The subjective assessment includes memory-based questionnaires targetingboth age groups while the visual assessment targets urban planning students; the objective assessment isreflected by digital computations using GIS and Viewshed analysis. Although the city boundary asperceived by the older generation is closer to the Viewshed analysis results, in both the visual assessment andmemory-based questionnaire the young generation perceived a tighter boundary than the older generation.مقالة وصول حر Notes on World Heritage Convention(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 5/7/1437) Waleed Al SayyedAbstract: The natural and cultural heritage gains international value as declared by the convention of theUNESCO signed in Paris in 1972. Following the rapid destruction of world heritage sites, a number of world leadingorganizations emerged with the aim to protect heritage, and to provide logistic and operational technical support toassist members to preserve declared heritage sites. Among those are: ICBS (International Committee of the Blue Shield), and ICOMOS (International Council of Monuments & Sites), which have noted that heritage is not only threatened with destruction caused by conflicts or decay but also by changing social and economic conditions which aggravate the situation with more formidable phenomena of damage. More recently, the danger of globalization versus traditionalvalues became more notable. To counter the above threats, World heritage convention and charters were established.This paper reviews key ideas declared by leading world organizations concerned with heritage. It scrutinizes world convention and charters, facts, dates, key sites under threat, as well as strategic and operational procedures set out by these charters. It discusses key questions to do with the efficiency of signed convention against the practical problematic factors that hinder the process of protecting heritage in a changing world overwhelmed by global trends in difference to tradition and identity. It scrutinizes heritage as viable entity, and examines the extent heritage convention and charters are effective to decrease the rapid deterioration of heritage.مقالة ميتاداتا فقط Planning and Management Issues and Challenges of Flash Flooding Disasters in Saudi Arabia: The Case of Riyadh City(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 18/09/1440) Tahar A. Ledraa; Ali M. Al-GhamdiThe paper sets out to unravel the issues and challenges in flash flood disaster management inSaudi Arabia, through Riyadh city as an example. The issue of flooding management and planning hasbeen brought to the forefront of government agenda as a result of rising frequencies and intensities of flashfloods in the country. It discussed specific issues, explaining what is lacking and what should be done todeal effectively should such an unfortunate event occur. The main challenging issues found are: 1) Disastermanagement in the Saudi context is still primarily a matter of response and relief operations as it does notinclude any proactive or preventive provisions against the devastating impacts of disasters; 2) Currentmanagement approach of disaster focusses predominantly on disaster containment rather than management;3) Local authorities do not have well-defined disaster management strategies supported by clearly definedaction plans; and 4) Data and mapping technologies (e.g., GIS) are not a priority nor well appreciated as aneffective decision tool in disaster management. Accordingly, the paper proposes adapting a comprehensiveintegrated management approach that adheres to the well-known four disaster management stages, and thatensures public participation, flexibility, transparency, production, accountability and effectiveness. It alsoproposes establishing well-equipped civil disaster and emergency management centres capable of collecting,storing and handling all the data about such events, hence facilitating analysis, modelling and disseminatinginformation to all concerned parties. The local community should also be effectively involved in the wholemanagement process.مقالة وصول حر Relative Regional Advantages as a Vehicle for the Prosperity of Regions(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 18/6/1437) Ali AlQahtanyAbstract: During the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the topic of regions and relativeregional advantages and it is in constant mutation across the world. The most important reason for this is that during the last century regions across the world have witnessed numerous environmental, social, economic and urban changes. The aim of this study is to define the concept of relative regional advantages and to give acomprehensive review of the most important key issues that are related to it. Additionally, it is a review ofpractice of relative regional advantages in some of the developed countries including the United Kingdom and the European Union as well as other countries in different parts of the world. The purpose of this review is to find out the effects of the relative regional advantages and to what extent it needs to be supported. The studyemployed the review of practice technique as a method of research. Most of the results and findings reached through this study have emphasised the need for supporting relative regional advantages due to the fact that it has a greatpower to enhance the economies of regions, and thereby promote the social, environmental and urban issues.مقالة وصول حر Residents’ Satisfaction with the Villa as a Housing Type in Saudi Arabia(دار جامعة الملك سعود للنشر, 13/5/1432) Rafee Ibrahim HakkyThe villa as a housing type in its modern form in Saudi Arabia has been widely built since the early fifties of the last century. Doubts about its appropriateness to the Saudi society have been repeatedly pointed out in the literature. The intent of this study is to evaluate the level of acceptance the villa enjoys within present Saudi society, and to gauge this society’s degree of satisfaction with its design. It also addresses two issues in some depth: the use of the villa’s garden and privacy concerns.The study was based on a questionnaire administered in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and answered by 250 participants. It was found that the villa is well accepted and highly preferred as a housing type by the participants. It was also found that the participants were mostly satisfied with the design of the villa, although they had some reservations among which were high running costs and lack of complete privacy. The main issue that was evident throughout the study, however, was that it has become empirical to reexamine negative propagated ideas about the villa. Such propagated ideas include the inadequacy of the villa for the Saudi society, the view of the villa’s garden as a wasted space, and privacy as a constant concept.